DISCUSSION MATERIALS
OF
GENRE
For
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS
Disusun oleh
Guru Bahasa Inggris
DAFTAR ISI
I.
Understanding Types of Text
Text can be classified into
several types. The term of 'type' is sometime stated as 'genre'. These types of
text are;
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These classification on type
of text are based on analysis of three main elements of text. These elements of
text are:
The purpose of the text; why
is the text made?, what is text made for by its writer
The generic structure of the
text; analyzing the used structure in composing the text, in what way is the
text constructed by its writer.
The language feature; taking
a look at the linguistic characterizations of the text, what kind of language
feature is used to build the text by its writer.
What is Analytical
Exposition?
1. Definition of
Analytical Exposition
Exposition is a text that
elaborates the writer‘s idea about the phenomenon surrounding. Its social
function is to persuade the reader that the idea is important matter.
2. Generic Structure
of Analytical Exposition
·
Thesis: Introducing the topic and indicating the
writer’s position
·
Argument 1: Explaining the argument to support the
writer’s position
·
Argument 2: Explaining the other arguments support
the writer’s position more
·
Reiteration: Restating the writer’s position
3. Language Features
of Analytical Exposition
·
Using relational process
·
Using internal conjunction
·
Using causal conjunction
·
Using Simple Present Tense
4. Examples and
structures of the text
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Cars should be banned in the city
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Thesis
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Cars should be banned in
the city. As we all know, cars create pollution, and cause a lot of road
deaths and other accidents.
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Arguments
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Firstly, cars, as we all know, contribute to
most of the pollution in the world.
Cars emit a deadly gas
that causes illnesses such as bronchitis, lung cancer, and ‘triggers’ off
asthma. Some of these illnesses are so bad that people can die from them.
Secondly, the city is very
busy. Pedestrians wander everywhere and cars commonly hit pedestrians in the
city, which causes them to die. Cars today are our roads biggest killers.
Thirdly, cars are very
noisy. If you live in the city, you may find it hard to sleep at night, or
concentrate on your homework, and especially talk to someone.
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Reiteration
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In conclusion, cars should
be banned from the city for the reasons listed.
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Before we are going to smoke, it is better to look
at the fact. About 50 thousands people die every year in Britain
Ninety percent of lung cancers are caused by
smoking. If we smoke five cigarettes a day, we are six times more likely to die
of lung cancer than a non smoker. If we smoke twenty cigarettes a day, the risk
is nineteen greater. Ninety five percent of people who suffer of bronchitis are
people who are smoking. Smokers are two and half times more likely to die of
heart disease than non smokers.
Additionally, children of smoker are more likely to
develop bronchitis and pneumonia. In one hour in smoky room, non smoker
breathes as much as substance causing cancer as if he had smoked fifteen
cigarettes.
Smoking is really good for tobacco companies because
they do make much money from smoking habit. Smoking however is not good for
every body else.
Notes on the generic
structure:
From the generic structure,
what make big different is that analytical exposition ends with paragraph to
strengthen the thesis while hortatory makes a recommendation for readers.
Thesis: This
pre-conclusive paragraph states the writer’s point of view about the topic
discussed. Writer has show himself in clear position of the discussed topic.
Paragraph 1 is the thesis of this analytical exposition text. It states the
fact of the very fatal impact of the smoking habit. Clearly the writer wants to
say that smoking is not a good habit.
Arguments: Presenting
arguments in analytical exposition text is as important as giving conflict plot
in narrative text. The series of argument will strengthen the thesis stated
before. In this example of analytical exposition text, paragraph 2 and 3 are
the detail arguments presented in a reporting fact to support that smoking is
not good even for smokers themselves. Furthermore, people who do not smoke but
they are in smoky area have the bad effect too from the smoking habit.
Reiteration: This end
paragraph actually is restating the thesis. It is something like conclusive
paragraph from the previous arguments. The last paragraph of this example of
analytical exposition points again that smoking is not good for smokers and
people around smokers. However smoking is very good for Cigarette Companies
As the US , financial
crisis has now spread to Europe, the oil-rich countries such as Saudi Arabia , Kuwait US
and Europe .
Because of unfavorable political developments in Thailand and Malaysia
over the past few months, Indonesia
The government had improved the legal framework with the recent actment
of laws on sharia banking and bonds. The long term nature of Islamic bonds
could make them the most suitable investment instrument for Indonesia
The financial crisis that has gripped the globe and weakening economic
growth in the rest of the world will serve to the government to accelerate the
investment reform measures in order to grab the hidden opportunity in the
global crisis. (Simplified from the jakartapos.com on Oct 9)
NOTES ON Generic Structure:
·
Paragraph 1 is THESIS.
It introduces the topic of the text which state the potential opportunity
behind the glogal financial crisis.
·
Paragraphes 2 and 3 are the ARGUMENTS which support to the opinios stated in the above thesis.
·
Paragraph 4 is REITERATION
which restates the thesis in another phrases
to point the writer'opinion.
Conventionally,
students need book, pen, eraser, drawing book, ruler and such other
stuff. Additionally, in this multimedia era, students need more to reach their
progressive development. Students need mobile
keyboards to record every presented subject easily. Of course it
will need more cost but it will deserve for its function.
First, modern
schools tend to apply fast transferring knowledge because the school needs to
catch the target of curriculum. Every subject will tend to be given in
demonstrative method. Consequently students need extra media cover the subject.
Since there is a laptop on every student’s desk, this method will help student
to get better understanding.
Secondly, finding an appropriate laptop
is not difficult as it was. Recently there is an online shop which provides
comprehensive information. The best is that the shop has service of online
shopping. The students just need to brows that online shop, decide which
computer or laptop they need, and then complete the transaction. After that the
laptop will be delivered to the students' houses. That is really easy and save
time and money.
From all of that, having mobile computer is
absolutely useful for students who want to catch the best result for their
study. Buying laptop online is advisable because it will cut the price. This
online way is recommended since online shop also provides several laptop
types. Students just need to decide which type they really need.
Functionally, translation is transferring the
message or the meaning and not the word. According to Nida, such translation is
called dynamic equivalence translation. It tries to bring the precise message
in different language.
Many people like to watch Hollywood
movie but many get trouble in understanding to the actors' dialogue. So the way
they get the understanding about the movie is reading the translating text
running. If Hindi translation is
provided, it will bring the better understanding for Indian moviegoer.
Hollywood movie spread over other Asia
countries. Therefore, Arabic
translation, Indonesian translation and Farsi translation are
widely needed and that is a big chance for English master in that countries.
The emergence of the internet has given internet
entrepreneurs many ways to make money. Writers are one group that have
benefited from their talents as a result in the rise of internet based jobs.
Blog writing is an increasingly popular way to earn
money online determined by the owner of the blog. They are very popular because
of tBlogs are usually written on a certain subject area but can vary as its
content is heir simplicity to get up and running. There are many free websites
out there that will help you set up your own blog if you choose to go that
route because blog plus advertisement is a potential money
Article writing is also good money to earn money
online. Make sure to gear your articles to promote and advertise you own
business ventures. These articles are a free way to market the products and
services you offer for free. The most effective advertising with these articles
comes from the dialogue box that is inserted at the end of each article. These
dialogue boxes contain links to basically any website you would like to drive
traffic to. For instance, you might have one link in your dialogue box to a product
you are selling and one to a blog where you are promoting a discussing other
products.
Writing takes some time to gain credibility through
but once it's done' earning potential can become very powerful.
Generic Structure Analysis
·
Thesis; Writing is good in making money online
·
Argument 1; blog is a potentially earning money
·
Argumant 2; writing articles is good in earning
money
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Conclusion; credible writer is powerful to make
money online
Language Feature Analysis
·
Simple present tense; Blog writing is an
increasingly popular way to earn money online, Writing takes some time to gain
credibility, etc
·
Causal conjunction ; because, etc
What is Anecdote?
1. Definition and Social Function of
Anecdote
Anecdote is a text which retells
funny and unusual incidents in fact or imagination. Its purpose is to entertain
the readers.
2. Generic Structure of Anecdote
1. Abstract
2. Orientation
3. Crisis
4. Incident.
3. Language Feature of Anecdote
1. Using exclamation words;
it's awful!, it's wonderful!, etc
2. Using imperative; listen
to this
3. Using rhetoric question;
do you know what?
4. Using action verb; go,
write, etc
5. Using conjunction of
time; then, afterward
6. Using simple past tense
4. Examples and structures of the text
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Snake in the
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Abstract
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How would you like to find a snake in your
bath? A nasty one too!
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Orientation
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We had just moved into a new house,
which had been empty for so long that everything was in a terrible mess. Anna
and I decided we would clean the bath first, so we set to, and turned
on the tap.
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Crisis
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Suddenly to my horror, a snake’s head appeared
in the plug-hole. Then out slithered the rest of his long thin
body. He twisted and turned on the slippery bottom of the bath, spitting
and hissing at us.
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Incident
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For an instant I stood there quite paralysed. Then I yelled for my husband, who luckily came running
and killed the snake with the handle of a broom. Anna, who was only
three at the time, was quite interested in the whole business. Indeed
I had to pull her out of the way or she’d probably have leant over
the bath to get a better look!
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Coda
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Ever since then I’ve
always put the plug in firmly before running the bath water.
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There was a black family in Scotland Clark family with nine children. They had a dream to go
to America America America
The entire family was full of anticipation
and excitement with their new life in
The father was full of disappointed and anger. He stomped the dock to
watch the ship leaved without him and his family. He shed tears of
disappointment. He cursed both his son and God for the misfortune.
Five days latter, the tragic news spread throughout Scotland
The Clak family should have been on that ship, but because of the
bitten son by a dog, they were left behind. When the father heard the news, he
hugged the son and thanked him for saving the family. He thanked God for saving
their lives. It was a blessing behind a tragedy. (Adapted from Look Ahead 2)
Generic Structure Analysis
Abstract: Everybody has a dream. You have and so do I. When the dream will come
true, there is something wrong last minute before it. What will we feel? What
will we do?
Orientation: the Clak family lived in Scotland America
Crisis: few days before they went to America
Incident: the family was full of disappointment and anger. The father was angry
with his son and God. The family failed to travel to America
Coda: the father thank to his son when he hear the ship sank. He thank to
God because of saving the family from sinking. He thought leaving behind the
ship was not a tragedy but a blessing.
What is Descriptive Text?
1. The Definition and Purpose of
Descriptive Text
Descriptive
text is a text which says what a person or a thing is like. Its purpose is to
describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.
2. The Generic Structure of Descriptive
Text
Descriptive
text has structure as below:
·
Identification;
identifying the phenomenon to be described.
·
Description;
describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities, or/and characteristics.
3. The Language Feature of Descriptive
Text
·
Using
attributive and identifying process.
·
Using
adjective and classifiers in nominal group.
·
Using
simple present tense
4. Examples and structures of the text
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Identification
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Description
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The university is located
at the North Ryde Greenbelt, Sydney, where the
Blessed with a fortunate
location and room to breathe,
One of the highlights of
the landscape is the Mars Creek zone. It comprises landscaped creek sides and
valley floor, a grass amphitheatre, and artificial lake… surrounded by rocks
and pebbles, native plants and eucalypts.
Today, a railway station
is under construction. In three years1 time, Macquarie will be the only
university in
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I have a close Friend. She is beautiful, attractive and
trendy. She always want to be a trend setter of the day. She always pays much
attention on her appearance. Recently, she bought a new stylist foot legs from blowfish shoes products.
This shoes really matches on her.
Her new blowfish
women's shoes are wonderful. When she are walking on that shoes, all
her friends, including me watch and admire that she has the most suitable shoes
on her physical appearance. The style, bright color, and brand represent her as
a smart woman of the day. She really have perfect appearance.
She is really mad on that shoes. She said that the
products covered all genders. The blowfish
men's shoes are as elegant as she has. The products provide
varieties of choice. Ballet, casual, boot athletic shoes are designed in
attractive way. The products are international trader mark and become the
hottest trend.
Generic Structure Analysis
- Identification; identifying the phenomenon to be described in
general;
- Description; describing the Borobudur temple in parts; eight
terraces of
Language Feature Analysis
- Using adjective and classifiers; valuable
- Using simple present tense;
What is Narrative?
1. Definition of Narrative
Narrative is a text focusing
specific participants. Its social function is to tell stories or past events
and entertain the readers.
2. Generic Structure of Narrative
A narrative text consists of
the following structure:
1.
Orientation: Introducing the
participants and informing the time and the place
2.
Complication: Describing the rising
crises which the participants have to do with
3.
Resolution: Showing the way of
participant to solve the crises, better or worse
3. Language Features of Narrative
·
Using processes verbs
·
Using temporal conjunction
·
Using Simple Past Tense
4. Examples and structures of the text
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Snow White
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Orientation
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Once upon a
time there lived a little girl named Snow White. She
lived with her Aunt and Uncle because her parents were
dead.
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Complication 1
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One day she heard
her Uncle and Aunt talking about leaving Snow White in
the castle because they both wanted to go to
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Resolution 1
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Snow White did not
want her Uncle and Aunt to do this so she decided
it would be best if she ran away. The next
morning she ran away from home when her Aunt and
Uncle were having breakfast. She ran away into the
woods.
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Complication 2
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Then
she saw this little cottage. She knocked
but no one answered so she went inside and fell asleep.
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Resolution 2
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Meanwhile,
the seven dwarfs were coming home from work. They went
inside. There they found Snow White sleeping. Then
Snow White woke up. She saw the dwarfs.
The dwarfs said, “what is your name?” Snow White said,
“My name is Snow White.”
Doc,
one of the dwarfs, said, “If you wish, you may
live here with us.” Snow White said, “Oh could I?
Thank you.” Then Snow White told the dwarfs the
whole story and Snow White and the 7 dwarfs lived happily
ever after.
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Maura, who like to be thought of as the most beautiful and powerful
queen of Arabia , had many suitors. One by one
she discarded them, until her list was reduced to just three sheiks. The three
sheiks were all equally young and handsome. They were also rich and strong. It
was very hard to decide who would be the best of them.
One evening, Maura disguised herself and went to the camp of the three
sheiks. As they were about to have dinner, Maura asked them for something to
eat. The first gave her some left over food. The second Sheik gave her some
unappetizing camel’s tail. The third sheik, who was called Hakim, offered her
some of the most tender and tasty meat. After dinner, the disguised queen left
the sheik’s camp.
The following day, the queen invited the three sheiks to dinner at her
palace. She ordered her servant to give each one exactly what they had given
her the evening before. Hakim, who received a plate of delicious meat, refused
to eat it if the other two sheiks could not share it with him.
This Sheik Hakim’s act finally convinced Queen Maura that he was the
man for her. “Without question, Hakim is the most generous of you” she
announced her choice to the sheiks. “So it is Hakim I will marry”.
Narrative Complication in
Generic Structure
As it is said many times that, the heart of
narrative text is the existence of the complication. It will drive the plot of
the story to keep amusing. The existence of conflict inside the Queen Maura is
what builds the story keep running. The psychological conflict inside Maura,
which she strikes against herself, is arousing the reader’s attention to
continue reading the story. They want to know what next will happen, who will
be chosen by Queen Maura; in what way she will decide who the best is. Keeping
knowing them really entertaining as well increasing the moral value added.
Orientation: the text introduces the
Queen Maura and three sheiks in Arabia once
time.
Complication: Queen Maura finds out that
it was very difficult to choose one as the best among them
Resolution: finally Queen Maura has a convincing way to choose one and he is Sheik
Hakim
Once upon time, a man had a wonderful parrot. There was no other parrot
like it. The parrot could say every word, except one word. The parrot would not
say the name of the place where it was born. The name of the place was Catano.
The man felt excited having the smartest parrot but he could not
understand why the parrot would not say Catano. The man tried to teach the bird
to say Catano however the bird kept not saying the word.
At the first, the man was very nice to the bird but then he got very
angry. “You stupid bird!” pointed the man to the parrot. “Why can’t you say the
word? Say Catano! Or I will kill you” the man said angrily. Although he tried
hard to teach, the parrot would not say it. Then the man got so angry and
shouted to the bird over and over; “Say Catano or I’ll kill you”. The bird kept
not to say the word of Catano.
One day after he had been trying so many times to make the bird say
Catano, the man really got very angry. He could not bear it. He picked the
parrot and threw it into the chicken house. There were four old chickens for
next dinner “You are as stupid as the chickens. Just stay with them” Said the man
angrily. Then he continued to humble; “You know, I will cut the chicken for my
meal. Next it will be your turn, I will eat you too, stupid parrot”. After that
he left the chicken house.
The next day, the man came back to the chicken house. He opened the door
and was very surprised. He could not believe what he saw at the chicken house.
There were three death chickens on the floor. At the moment, the parrot was
standing proudly and screaming at the last old chicken; “Say Catano or I’ll
kill you”.
Analysis the Generic
Structure
Orientation: It sets the
scene and introduces the participants/characters. In that parrot story, the
first paragraph is the orientation where reader finds time and place set up and
also the participant as the background of the story. A man and his parrot took
place once time.
Complication: It explores the
conflict in the story. It will show the crisis, rising crisis and climax of the
story. In the parrot story, paragraph 2, 3, 4 are describing the complication.
Readers will find that the man face a problem of why the parrot can not say
Catano. To fix this problem, the man attempted to teach the bird. How hard he
tried to teach the bird is the excitement element of the complication.
Resolution: It shows the
situation which the problems have been resolved. It must be our note that
“resolved” means accomplished whether succeed or fail. In the last paragraph of
the smartest parrot story, readers see the problem is finished. The parrot
could talk the word which the man wanted. The parrot said the word with higher
degree than the man taught the word to it. That was the smartest parrot.
Once upon time, there was a handsome man. His name was Batara Guru
Sahala. He liked fishing. One day, he caught a fish. He was surprised to find
out that the fish could talk. The fish begged him to set it free.
Batara Guru could not bear it. He made the fish free. As soon as it was
free, the fish changed into a very beautiful woman. She attracted Batara Guru
so much. He felt in love with that fish-woman. The woman wanted to marry with
him and said that Batara Guru had to keep the secret which she had been a fish.
Batara Guru aggreed and promised that he would never tell anybody about it.
They were married happily. They had two daughters. One day Batara Guru
got very angry with his daughter. He could not control his mad. He shouted
angrily and got the word of fish to his daugters. The daughters were crying.
They found their mother and talked her about it.
The mother was very annoyed. Batara Guru broke his promise. The mother
was shouting angrily. Then the earth began to shake. Volcanoes started to
erupt. The earth formed a very big hole. People believed that the big hole
became a lake. Then this lake is known as Toba Lake
Once upon a time, there was a young girl named Cinderella. She lived
with her step mother and two step sisters.
The step mother and sisters were conceited and bad tempered. They
treated Cinderella very badly. Her step mother made Cinderella do the hardest
works in the house; such as scrubbing the floor, cleaning the pot and pan and
preparing the food for the family. The two step sisters, on the other hand, did
not work about the house. Their mother gave them many handsome dresses to wear.
One day, the two step sister received an invitation to the ball that
the king’s son was going to give at the palace. They were excited about this
and spent so much time choosing the dresses they would wear. At last, the day
of the ball came, and away went the sisters to it. Cinderella could not help
crying after they had left.
“Why are crying, Cinderella?” a
voice asked. She looked up and saw her fairy godmother standing beside her,
“because I want so much to go to the ball” said Cinderella. “Well” said the
godmother,”you’ve been such a cheerful, hardworking, uncomplaining girl that I
am going to see that you do go to the ball”.
Magically, the fairy godmother changed a pumpkin into a fine coach and
mice into a coachman and two footmen. Her godmother tapped Cinderella’s raged
dress with her wand, and it became a beautiful ball gown. Then she gave her a
pair of pretty glass slippers. “Now, Cinderella”, she said; “You must leave
before midnight”. Then away she drove in her beautiful coach.
Cinderella was having a wonderfully good time. She danced again and again with the king’s son. Suddenly the clock began to strike twelve, she ran toward the door as quickly as she could. In her hurry, one of her glass slipper was left behind.
Cinderella was having a wonderfully good time. She danced again and again with the king’s son. Suddenly the clock began to strike twelve, she ran toward the door as quickly as she could. In her hurry, one of her glass slipper was left behind.
A few days later, the king’ son proclaimed that he would marry the girl
whose feet fitted the glass slipper. Her step sisters tried on the slipper but
it was too small for them, no matter how hard they squeezed their toes into it.
In the end, the king’s page let Cinderella try on the slipper. She stuck out
her foot and the page slipped the slipper on. It fitted perfectly.
Finally, she was driven to the palace. The king’s son was overjoyed to
see her again. They were married and live happily ever after.
Notes on Generic Structure
Orientation: They were
Cinderella her self as the main character of the story, her step mother which
treated Cinderella badly, and her steps sister which supported her mother to
make Cinderella was treated very badly. Cinderella was introduced as a hero in
this story. She struggled against the bad treatment from her step mother and
sisters.
Complication: In this Cinderella story, we can see clearly that there are Major Complication and Minor Complication.
Complication: In this Cinderella story, we can see clearly that there are Major Complication and Minor Complication.
The second paragraph is the
major complication of this Cinderella story. Cinderella got bad treatment from
her stepmother. It is the bad crisis which drives into several minor
complications which Cinderella has to overcome.
Resolution: Like complication, there are Major Resolution and Minor Resolution.
Resolution: Like complication, there are Major Resolution and Minor Resolution.
In the last paragraph, it is
said that finally Cinderella lived happily. It is the happy resolution of the
bad treatment.
Once there was a farmer from Laos
One day, a tiger saw the farmer and his buffalo working in the field.
The tiger was very surprised to see a big animal listening to a small animal.
The tiger wanted to know more about the big animal and the small animal.
After the man went home, the tiger spoke to the buffalo; “you are so
big and strong. Why do you do everything the man tells you?” The buffalo
answered; “oh, the man is very intelligent”.
The tiger asked; “can you tell me how intelligent he is?”. “No, I can’t
tell you”, said the buffalo; “but you can ask him”
So the next day the tiger asked to the man; “Can I see your
intelligence?”. But the man answered; “it at home”. “Can you go and get it?”
asked the tiger. “Yes” said the man; “but I am afraid you will kill my buffalo
when I am gone. Can I tie you to a tree?”
After the man tied the tiger to the tree, he didn’t go home to get his
intelligence. He took his plough and hit the tiger. Then he said; “Now you know
about my intelligence even you haven’t seen it.
Generic Structure Analysis
1. Orientation; introducing specific
participants; farmer and his buffalo, once in Laos
2. Complication; revealing a series of
crisis: the tiger wanted to know more about the farmer and the buffalo, the
tiger wanted to know about the farmer’s intelligence.
3. Resolution; the crisis is resolve: the
farmer hit the tiger
Language Feature Analysis
·
Using
saying verb; answered
·
Using
thinking verb; saw, was surprised to
·
Using
action verb; tie, hit
·
Using
time conjunction; once, one day
·
Using
connectives; after, the next day
·
Using
past tense; there was a farmer, the man tied the tiger.
What is Procedure?
1. Definition of Procedure
Procedure is a text that
shows a process in order. Its social function is to describe how something is
completely done through a sequence of series
2. Generic Structure of Procedure
1. Goal: showing
the purpose
2. Material:
Telling the needed materials
3. Step 1-end:
Describing the steps to achieve the purpose
3. Language Feature of Procedure
Using temporal conjunction
Using action verb
Using imperative sentence
Using Simple Present Tense
4. Examples and structures of the text
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Tujuan
(Goal)
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How
to Make a Cheese Omelet
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Bahan
(Material)
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Ingredients
1 egg, 50 g cheese, ¼ cup milk, 3 tablespoons
cooking oil, a pinch of salt and pepper
Utensils
Frying pan, fork, spatula, cheese grater, bowl,
plate
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Langkah-langkah
(Step)
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Method
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Planting is a nice activity in our spare time. The following is guided
information on how to plant a chili-plant easily. Here are the steps.
Firstly, dry a handful seeding under the sunlight
Secondly, put the seeding on the soil. It should be in open area
Next, wait it. There will come out the sprout after that let it be
bigger.
Finally, put it in another big pot. It will soon grow bigger and bigger
and yield us some fresh chilies soon.
Generic Structure Analysis
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Goal;
informing on how to plant chillies.
·
Material;
excluded
·
Steps;
showing the steps or method in planting chillies; from drying seed to putting
the sprout in big pot.
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Language
Feature Analysis
Imperative sentences; dry a handful seeding, put it, etc
Imperative sentences; dry a handful seeding, put it, etc
·
Action
verb; put, dry, etc
·
Temporal
conjunction; next, finally, firstly, secondly
·
Simple
present tense pattern; planting is a nice activity, the following is a guided information
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